Why Are Ivy League Schools So Hard to Get Into

Athletic conference of eight elite American universities

This article is about the group of colleges and the athletic conference that gave the group its name. For other uses, see Ivy League (disambiguation).

Ivy League

Established	1954
Association	NCAA
Division	Division I
Subdivision	FCS
Members	8
Sports fielded	33 men's: 17 women's: 16
Region	Northeast
Headquarters	Princeton, New Jersey
Commissioner	Robin Harris^[1] (since 2009)
Website	ivyleague.com
Locations

Map of the Ivy League schools

Flags of Ivy League members fly over Columbia's Wien Stadium

The Ivy League (also known as The Ancient Eight)^[2] ^[3] ^[4] is an American collegiate athletic conference comprising eight private research universities in the Northeastern United States. The term Ivy League is typically used beyond the sports context to refer to the eight schools as a group of elite colleges with connotations of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism.^[5] ^[6] ^[7] ^[8] ^[9] Its members are Brown University, Columbia University, Cornell University, Dartmouth College, Harvard University, the University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Yale University.

While the term was in use as early as 1933, it became official only after the formation of the NCAA Division I athletic conference in 1954.^[10] All of the "Ivies" except Cornell were founded during the colonial period; they thus account for seven of the nine Colonial Colleges chartered before the American Revolution. The other two colonial colleges, Rutgers University and the College of William & Mary, became public institutions instead.

Ivy League schools are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities in the world.^[11] All eight universities place in the top 17 of the 2022 U.S. News & World Report National Universities ranking, including four Ivies in the top five (Princeton, Columbia, Harvard, and Yale).^[12] U.S. News has named a member of the Ivy League as the best national university^[a] every year since 2001: as of 2020^[update], Princeton eleven times, Harvard twice, and the two schools tied for first five times.^[13] In the 2021 U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking, two Ivies rank in the top 10 internationally (Harvard first and Columbia sixth).^[14] All eight Ivy League schools are members of the Association of American Universities, the most prestigious alliance of American research universities.^[15]

Undergraduate enrollments range from about 4,500 to about 15,000,^[16] larger than most liberal arts colleges and smaller than most state universities. Total enrollment, which includes graduate students, ranges from approximately 6,600 at Dartmouth to over 20,000 at Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, and Penn. Ivy League financial endowments range from Brown's $6.9 billion^[17] to Harvard's $53.2 billion,^[18] the largest financial endowment of any academic institution in the world.^[19]

The Ivy League is similar to other groups of universities in other countries such as Oxbridge^[20] ^[21] in the United Kingdom, the C9 League^[22] in China, and the Imperial Universities^[23] in Japan.

Members

Ivy League universities have some of the largest university financial endowments in the world, allowing the universities to provide abundant resources for their academic programs, financial aid, and research endeavors. As of 2021, Harvard University had an endowment of $53.2 billion, the largest of any educational institution.^[18] Each university attracts millions of dollars in annual research funding from both the federal government and private sources.

Institution	Location	Undergraduates	Postgraduates	Endowment (2018)	Academic staff	Nickname
Brown University	Providence, Rhode Island	7,043	3,214	$4.7 billion^[24]	736 ^[25]	Bears
Columbia University	New York City, New York	6,398 ^[b]	24,412	$10.87 billion^[24]	4,370 ^[28]	Lions
Cornell University	Ithaca, New York	15,043	8,984	$7.23 billion^[24]	2,908	Big Red
Dartmouth College	Hanover, New Hampshire	4,459	2,149	$5.49 billion^[24]	943	Big Green
Harvard University	Cambridge, Massachusetts^[c]	6,788	13,951	$38.30 billion^[24]	4,671 ^[29]	Crimson
University of Pennsylvania	Philadelphia, Pennsylvania	10,019	12,413	$13.78 billion^[24]	4,464 ^[30]	Quakers
Princeton University	Princeton, New Jersey	5,428	2,946	$25.92 billion^[24]	1,172	Tigers
Yale University	New Haven, Connecticut	6,092	7,517	$29.35 billion^[24]	4,140	Bulldogs

History

Year founded

Institution	Founded as	Founded	Chartered	First instruction	Founding affiliation
Harvard University	New College	1636	1650	1642	Nonsectarian, founded by Calvinist Congregationalists
Yale University	Collegiate School	1701	1701^[31]	1702	Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Princeton University	College of New Jersey	1746	1746^[32]	1747	Nonsectarian,^[33] founded by Calvinist Presbyterians^[33]
Columbia University	King's College	1754	1754^[34]	1754	Church of England
University of Pennsylvania	College of Philadelphia^[35]	1749 or 1755^[d]	1755	1755	Nonsectarian,^[40] founded by Church of England/Methodist members^[41] ^[42]
Brown University	College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations	1764	1764	1765^[43]	Baptist, founding charter promises "no religious tests" and "full liberty of conscience"^[44]
Dartmouth College		1769	1769^[45]	1768	Calvinist (Congregationalist)
Cornell University		1865	1865	1868^[46]	Nonsectarian

Note: Six of the eight Ivy League universities consider their founding dates to be simply the date that they received their charters and thus became legal corporations with the authority to grant academic degrees. Harvard University uses the date that the legislature of the Massachusetts Bay Colony formally allocated funds for the creation of a college. Harvard was chartered in 1650, although classes had been conducted for approximately a decade by then. The University of Pennsylvania initially considered its founding date to be 1750; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal.^[47] Later in Penn's early history, the university changed its officially recognized founding date to 1749, which was used for all of the nineteenth century, including a centennial celebration in 1849. In 1899, Penn's board of trustees formally adopted a third founding date of 1740, in response to a petition from Penn's General Alumni Society. Penn was chartered in 1755, the same year collegiate classes began. "Religious affiliation" refers to financial sponsorship, formal association with, and promotion by, a religious denomination. All of the schools in the Ivy League are private and not currently associated with any religion.

Soldiers Memorial Gate (1921) at Brown University

Tjaden Hall (1883) at Cornell University

Origin of the name

"Planting the ivy" was a customary class day ceremony at many colleges in the 1800s. In 1893, an alumnus told The Harvard Crimson, "In 1850, class day was placed upon the University Calendar. ... the custom of planting the ivy, while the ivy oration was delivered, arose about this time."^[48] At Penn, graduating seniors started the custom of planting ivy at a university building each spring in 1873 and that practice was formally designated as "Ivy Day" in 1874.^[49] Ivy planting ceremonies are recorded at Yale, Simmons College, and Bryn Mawr College among other schools.^[50] ^[51] ^[52] Princeton's "Ivy Club" was founded in 1879.^[53]

The first usage of Ivy in reference to a group of colleges is from sportswriter Stanley Woodward (1895–1965).

A proportion of our eastern ivy colleges are meeting little fellows another Saturday before plunging into the strife and the turmoil.

—Stanley Woodward, New York Tribune, October 14, 1933, describing the football season^[54]

The first known instance of the term Ivy League appeared in The Christian Science Monitor on February 7, 1935.^[10] ^[55] ^[56] Several sportswriters and other journalists used the term shortly later to refer to the older colleges, those along the northeastern seaboard of the United States, chiefly the nine institutions with origins dating from the colonial era, together with the United States Military Academy (West Point), the United States Naval Academy, and a few others. These schools were known for their long-standing traditions in intercollegiate athletics, often being the first schools to participate in such activities. At this time, however, none of these institutions made efforts to form an athletic league.

A common folk etymology attributes the name to the Roman numeral for four (IV), asserting that there was such a sports league originally with four members. The Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins helped to perpetuate this belief. The supposed "IV League" was formed over a century ago and consisted of Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and a fourth school that varies depending on who is telling the story.^[57] ^[58] ^[59] However, it is clear that Harvard, Princeton, Columbia, and Yale met on November 23, 1876, at the so-called Massasoit Convention to decide on uniform rules for the emerging game of American football, which rapidly spread.^[60]

Pre-Ivy League

Seven out of the eight Ivy League schools are Colonial Colleges: institutions of higher education founded prior to the American Revolution. Cornell, the exception to this commonality, was founded immediately after the American Civil War. These seven colleges served as the primary institutions of higher learning in British America's Northern and Middle Colonies. During the colonial era, the school's faculties and founding boards were largely drawn from other Ivy League institutions. Also represented were British graduates from the University of Cambridge, the University of Oxford, the University of St. Andrews, the University of Edinburgh.

The influence of these institutions on the founding of other colleges and universities is notable. This included the Southern public college movement which blossomed in the decades surrounding the turn of the 19th century when Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia established what became the flagship universities of their respective states. In 1801, a majority of the first board of trustees for what became the University of South Carolina were Princeton alumni. They appointed Jonathan Maxcy, a Brown graduate, as the university's first president. Thomas Cooper, an Oxford alumnus and University of Pennsylvania faculty member, became the second president of the South Carolina college. The founders of the University of California came from Yale, hence the school colors of University of California are Yale Blue and California Gold.^[61] In 1891, Cornell provided Stanford University with its first president.

A plurality of the Ivy League schools have identifiable Protestant roots. Harvard, Yale, and Dartmouth all held early associations with the Congregationalists. Princeton was financed by New Light Presbyterians, though originally led by a Congregationalist. Brown was founded by Baptists, though the university's charter stipulated that students should enjoy "full liberty of conscience." Columbia was founded by Anglicans, who composed 10 of the college's first 15 presidents. Penn and Cornell were officially nonsectarian, though Protestants were well represented in their respective founding. In the early nineteenth century, the specific purpose of training Calvinist ministers was handed off to theological seminaries, but a denominational tone and religious traditions including compulsory chapel often lasted well into the twentieth century.

"Ivy League" is sometimes used as a way of referring to an elite class, even though institutions such as Cornell University were among the first in the United States to reject racial and gender discrimination in their admissions policies. This dates back to at least 1935.^[62] Novels and memoirs attest this sense, as a social elite; to some degree independent of the actual schools.^[63] ^[64]

History of the athletic league

19th and early 20th centuries

Yale University's four-oared crew team, posing with the 1876 Centennial Regatta trophy.

The first formal athletic league involving eventual Ivy League schools (or any US colleges, for that matter) was created in 1870 with the formation of the Rowing Association of American Colleges. The RAAC hosted a de facto national championship in rowing during the period 1870–1894. In 1895, Cornell, Columbia, and Penn founded the Intercollegiate Rowing Association, which remains the oldest collegiate athletic organizing body in the US. To this day, the IRA Championship Regatta determines the national champion in rowing and all of the Ivies are regularly invited to compete.

A basketball league was later created in 1902, when Columbia, Cornell, Harvard, Yale, and Princeton formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Basketball League; they were later joined by Penn and Dartmouth.

In 1906, the organization that eventually became the National Collegiate Athletic Association was formed, primarily to formalize rules for the emerging sport of football. But of the 39 original member colleges in the NCAA, only two of them (Dartmouth and Penn) later became Ivies.

In February 1903, intercollegiate wrestling began when Yale accepted a challenge from Columbia, published in the Yale News. The dual meet took place prior to a basketball game hosted by Columbia and resulted in a tie. Two years later, Penn and Princeton also added wrestling teams, leading to the formation of the student-run Intercollegiate Wrestling Association, now the Eastern Intercollegiate Wrestling Association (EIWA), the first and oldest collegiate wrestling league in the US.^[66]

Penn's ICAA track champions in 1907

In 1930, Columbia, Cornell, Dartmouth, Penn, Princeton and Yale formed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League; they were later joined by Harvard, Brown, Army and Navy.

Before the formal establishment of the Ivy League, there was an "unwritten and unspoken agreement among certain Eastern colleges on athletic relations". The earliest reference to the "Ivy colleges" came in 1933, when Stanley Woodward of the New York Herald Tribune used it to refer to the eight current members plus Army.^[10] In 1935, the Associated Press reported on an example of collaboration between the schools:

The athletic authorities of the so-called "Ivy League" are considering drastic measures to curb the increasing tendency toward riotous attacks on goal posts and other encroachments by spectators on playing fields.

—The Associated Press, The New York Times ^[67]

Despite such collaboration, the universities did not seem to consider the formation of the league as imminent. Romeyn Berry, Cornell's manager of athletics, reported the situation in January 1936 as follows:

I can say with certainty that in the last five years—and markedly in the last three months—there has been a strong drift among the eight or ten universities of the East which see a good deal of one another in sport toward a closer bond of confidence and cooperation and toward the formation of a common front against the threat of a breakdown in the ideals of amateur sport in the interests of supposed expediency. Please do not regard that statement as implying the organization of an Eastern conference or even a poetic "Ivy League". That sort of thing does not seem to be in the cards at the moment.^[68]

Within a year of this statement and having held month-long discussions about the proposal, on December 3, 1936, the idea of "the formation of an Ivy League" gained enough traction among the undergraduate bodies of the universities that the Columbia Daily Spectator, The Cornell Daily Sun, The Dartmouth, The Harvard Crimson, The Daily Pennsylvanian, The Daily Princetonian and the Yale Daily News would simultaneously run an editorial entitled "Now Is the Time", encouraging the seven universities to form the league in an effort to preserve the ideals of athletics.^[69] Part of the editorial read as follows:

The Ivy League exists already in the minds of a good many of those connected with football, and we fail to see why the seven schools concerned should be satisfied to let it exist as a purely nebulous entity where there are so many practical benefits which would be possible under definite organized association. The seven colleges involved fall naturally together by reason of their common interests and similar general standards and by dint of their established national reputation they are in a particularly advantageous position to assume leadership for the preservation of the ideals of intercollegiate athletics.^[70]

The Ivies have been competing in sports as long as intercollegiate sports have existed in the United States. Rowing teams from Harvard and Yale met in the first sporting event held between students of two U.S. colleges on Lake Winnipesaukee, New Hampshire, on August 3, 1852. Harvard's team, "The Oneida", won the race and was presented with trophy black walnut oars from then-presidential nominee General Franklin Pierce. The proposal did not succeed—on January 11, 1937, the athletic authorities at the schools rejected the "possibility of a heptagonal league in football such as these institutions maintain in basketball, baseball and track." However, they noted that the league "has such promising possibilities that it may not be dismissed and must be the subject of further consideration."^[71]

Post-World War II

In 1945 the presidents of the eight schools signed the first Ivy Group Agreement, which set academic, financial, and athletic standards for the football teams. The principles established reiterated those put forward in the Harvard-Yale-Princeton presidents' Agreement of 1916. The Ivy Group Agreement established the core tenet that an applicant's ability to play on a team would not influence admissions decisions:

The members of the Group reaffirm their prohibition of athletic scholarships. Athletes shall be admitted as students and awarded financial aid only on the basis of the same academic standards and economic need as are applied to all other students.^[72]

In 1954, the presidents extended the Ivy Group Agreement to all intercollegiate sports, effective with the 1955–56 basketball season. This is generally reckoned as the formal formation of the Ivy League. As part of the transition, Brown, the only Ivy that had not joined the EIBL, did so for the 1954–55 season. A year later, the Ivy League absorbed the EIBL. The Ivy League claims the EIBL's history as its own. Through the EIBL, it is the oldest basketball conference in Division I.^[73] ^[74]

As late as the 1960s many of the Ivy League universities' undergraduate programs remained open only to men, with Cornell the only one to have been coeducational from its founding (1865) and Columbia being the last (1983) to become coeducational. Before they became coeducational, many of the Ivy schools maintained extensive social ties with nearby Seven Sisters women's colleges, including weekend visits, dances and parties inviting Ivy and Seven Sisters students to mingle. This was the case not only at Barnard College and Radcliffe College, which are adjacent to Columbia and Harvard, but at more distant institutions as well. The movie Animal House includes a satiric version of the formerly common visits by Dartmouth men to Massachusetts to meet Smith and Mount Holyoke women, a drive of more than two hours. As noted by Irene Harwarth, Mindi Maline, and Elizabeth DeBra, "The 'Seven Sisters' was the name given to Barnard, Smith, Mount Holyoke, Vassar, Bryn Mawr, Wellesley, and Radcliffe, because of their parallel to the Ivy League men's colleges."^[75]

In 1982 the Ivy League considered adding two members, with Army, Navy, and Northwestern as the most likely candidates; if it had done so, the league could probably have avoided being moved into the recently created Division I-AA (now Division I FCS) for football.^[76] In 1983, following the admission of women to Columbia College, Columbia University and Barnard College entered into an athletic consortium agreement by which students from both schools compete together on Columbia University women's athletic teams, which replaced the women's teams previously sponsored by Barnard.

When Army and Navy departed the Eastern Intercollegiate Baseball League in 1992, nearly all intercollegiate competition involving the eight schools became united under the Ivy League banner. The two major exceptions are wrestling, with the Ivies that sponsor wrestling—all except Dartmouth and Yale—members of the EIWA and hockey, with the Ivies that sponsor hockey—all except Penn and Columbia—members of ECAC Hockey.

COVID-19 pandemic

The Ivy League was the first athletic conference to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic by shutting down all athletic competition in March 2020, leaving many Spring schedules unfinished.^[77] The Fall 2020 schedule was canceled in July, and winter sports were canceled before Thanksgiving.^[77] Of the 357 men's basketball teams in Division I, only ten did not play; the Ivy League made up eight of those ten.^[77] By giving up its automatic qualifying bid to March Madness, the Ivy League forfeited at least $280,000 in NCAA basketball funds.^[77] As a consequence of the pandemic, an unprecedented number of student athletes in the Ivy League either transferred to other schools, or temporarily unenrolled in hopes of maintaining their eligibility to play post-pandemic.^[77] Some Ivy alumni expressed displeasure with the League's position.^[77] In February 2021 it was reported that Yale declined a multi-million dollar offer from alum Joseph Tsai to create a sequestered "bubble" for the lacrosse team.^[77] The league announced in a May 2021 joint statement that "regular athletic competition" would resume "across all sports" in fall 2021.^[78]

Academics

Admissions

Admission statistics (Class of 2025)
	Applicants	Admission rates
Brown	46,568	5.4%^[79]
Columbia	60,551	3.7%^[79]
Cornell	67,380	8.7%^[80]
Dartmouth	28,357	6.2%^[79]
Harvard	57,435	3.4%^[79]
Penn	56,333	5.7%^[79]
Princeton	37,601	4.0%^[79]
Yale	46,905	4.6%^[79]

The Ivy League schools are highly selective, with all schools reporting acceptance rates at or below approximately 10% or less at all of the universities. For the class of 2025, six of the eight schools reported acceptance rates below 6%.^[81] ^[82] ^[83] ^[84] ^[85] ^[86] Admitted students come from around the world, although those from the Northeastern United States make up a significant proportion of students.^[87] ^[88] ^[89]

In 2021, all eight Ivy League schools recorded record high numbers of applications and record low acceptance rates.^[81] ^[90] ^[82] ^[83] ^[84] ^[91] Year over year increases in the number of applicants ranged from a 14.5% increase at Princeton to a 51% increase at Columbia.^[85] ^[86]

There have been arguments^{[ by whom? ]} that Ivy League schools discriminate against Asian-American candidates. For example, in August 2020, the US Justice Department argued that Yale University discriminated against Asian-American candidates on the basis of their race, a charge the university denied.^[92] Harvard was subject to a similar challenge in 2019 from an Asian American student group, with regard to which a federal judge found Harvard to be in compliance with constitutional requirements. The student group has since appealed that decision, and the appeal is still pending as of August 2020.^[92]

Prestige

Members of the League have been highly ranked by various university rankings. All of the Ivy League schools are consistently ranked within the top 20 national universities by the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking.^[93] The Wall Street Journal rankings place all eight of the universities within the top 15 in the country.^[94]

National academic rankings
University (in alphabetical order)	ARWU (2021) ^[95]	Forbes (2021) ^[96]	USNWR (2022) ^[97]	WSJ/THE (2021) ^[98]
Brown	41–56	26	14	5
Columbia	6	5	2	15
Cornell	10	13	17	9
Dartmouth	90–110	11	13	12
Harvard	1	7	2	1
Penn	12	9	8	13
Princeton	5	3	1	7
Yale	9	2	5	3

Further, Ivy League members have produced many Nobel laureates and winners of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

Collaboration

Collaboration between the member schools is illustrated by the student-led Ivy Council that meets in the fall and spring of each year, with representatives from every Ivy League school. The governing body of the Ivy League is the Council of Ivy Group presidents, composed of each university president. During meetings, the presidents discuss common procedures and initiatives for their universities.

The universities collaborate academically through the IvyPlus Exchange Scholar Program, which allows students to cross-register at one of the Ivies or another eligible school such as the University of California at Berkeley, the University of Chicago, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Stanford University.^[99]

Culture

Fashion and lifestyle

An illustration of Cornell's rowing team. Rowing is often associated with traditional upper class New England culture

Different fashion trends and styles have emerged from Ivy League campuses over time, and fashion trends such as Ivy League and preppy are styles often associated with the Ivy League and its culture.

Ivy League style is a style of men's dress, popular during the late 1950s, believed to have originated on Ivy League campuses. The clothing stores J. Press and Brooks Brothers represent perhaps the quintessential Ivy League dress manner. The Ivy League style is said to be the predecessor to the preppy style of dress.

Preppy fashion started around 1912 to the late 1940s and 1950s as the Ivy League style of dress.^[100] J. Press represents the quintessential preppy clothing brand, stemming from the collegiate traditions that shaped the preppy subculture. In the mid-twentieth century J. Press and Brooks Brothers, both being pioneers in preppy fashion, had stores on Ivy League school campuses, including Harvard, Princeton, and Yale.

Some typical preppy styles also reflect traditional upper class New England leisure activities, such as equestrian, sailing or yachting, hunting, fencing, rowing, lacrosse, tennis, golf, and rugby. Longtime New England outdoor outfitters, such as L.L. Bean, became part of conventional preppy style.^[101] This can be seen in sport stripes and colors, equestrian clothing, plaid shirts, field jackets and nautical-themed accessories. Vacationing in Palm Beach, Florida, long popular with the East Coast upper class, led to the emergence of bright colors combinations in leisure wear seen in some brands such as Lilly Pulitzer.^[101] By the 1980s, other brands such as Lacoste, Izod and Dooney & Bourke became associated with preppy style.^[102]

Today, these styles continue to be popular on Ivy League campuses, throughout the U.S., and abroad, and are oftentimes labeled as "Classic American style" or "Traditional American style".^[103] ^[104]

A cartoon portrait of the stereotypical Columbia man, 1902

The Ivy League is often associated with the upper class White Anglo-Saxon Protestant community of the Northeast, Old money, or more generally, the American upper middle and upper classes.^[105] ^[106] ^[107] ^[108] Although most Ivy League students come from upper-middle and upper-class families, the student body has become increasingly more economically and ethnically diverse. The universities provide significant financial aid to help increase the enrollment of lower income and middle class students.^[109] Several reports suggest, however, that the proportion of students from less-affluent families remains low.^[110] ^[111]

Phrases such as "Ivy League snobbery"^[112] are ubiquitous in nonfiction and fiction writing of the early and mid-twentieth century. A Louis Auchincloss character dreads "the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges".^[63] A business writer, warning in 2001 against discriminatory hiring, presented a cautionary example of an attitude to avoid (the bracketed phrase is his):

We Ivy Leaguers [read: mostly white and Anglo] know that an Ivy League degree is a mark of the kind of person who is likely to succeed in this organization.^[113]

The phrase Ivy League historically has been perceived as connected not only with academic excellence but also with social elitism. In 1936, sportswriter John Kieran noted that student editors at Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Princeton, Cornell, Dartmouth, and Penn were advocating the formation of an athletic association. In urging them to consider "Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt" as candidates for membership, he exhorted:

It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not "exclusive" as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose.^[114]

Aspects of Ivy stereotyping were illustrated during the 1988 presidential election, when George H. W. Bush (Yale '48) derided Michael Dukakis (graduate of Harvard Law School) for having "foreign-policy views born in Harvard Yard's boutique."^[115] New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd asked "Wasn't this a case of the pot calling the kettle elite?" Bush explained, however, that, unlike Harvard, Yale's reputation was "so diffuse, there isn't a symbol, I don't think, in the Yale situation, any symbolism in it. ... Harvard boutique to me has the connotation of liberalism and elitism" and said Harvard in his remark was intended to represent "a philosophical enclave" and not a statement about class.^[116] Columnist Russell Baker opined that "Voters inclined to loathe and fear elite Ivy League schools rarely make fine distinctions between Yale and Harvard. All they know is that both are full of rich, fancy, stuck-up and possibly dangerous intellectuals who never sit down to supper in their undershirt no matter how hot the weather gets."^[117] Still, the next five consecutive presidents all attended Ivy League schools for at least part of their education—George H. W. Bush (Yale undergrad), Bill Clinton (Yale Law School), George W. Bush (Yale undergrad, Harvard Business School), Barack Obama (Columbia undergrad, Harvard Law School), and Donald Trump (Penn undergrad).

U.S. presidents in the Ivy League

Of the 45^[e] persons who have served as President of the United States, 16 have graduated from an Ivy League university. Of them, eight have degrees from Harvard, five from Yale, three from Columbia, two from Princeton and one from Penn. Twelve presidents have earned Ivy undergraduate degrees. Four of these were transfer students: Woodrow Wilson transferred from Davidson College, Barack Obama transferred from Occidental College, Donald Trump transferred from Fordham University, and John F. Kennedy transferred from Princeton to Harvard. John Adams was the first president to graduate from college, graduating from Harvard in 1755.

President	School(s)	Graduation year
John Adams	Harvard University	1755
James Madison	Princeton University	1771
John Quincy Adams	Harvard University	1787
William Henry Harrison	University of Pennsylvania	(withdrew, class of 1793)
Rutherford B. Hayes	Harvard Law School	1845
Theodore Roosevelt	Harvard University Columbia Law School	1880 (withdrew, class of 1882)^[118]
William Howard Taft	Yale University	1878
Woodrow Wilson	Princeton University	1879
Franklin D. Roosevelt	Harvard University Columbia Law School	1903 (withdrew, class of 1907)^[119]
John F. Kennedy	Princeton University Harvard University	(withdrew) 1940
Gerald Ford	Yale Law School	1941
George H. W. Bush	Yale University	1948
Bill Clinton	Yale Law School	1973
George W. Bush	Yale University Harvard Business School	1968 1975
Barack Obama	Columbia University Harvard Law School	1983 1991
Donald Trump	University of Pennsylvania	1968

Student demographics

Race and ethnicity

Racial and/or ethnic background (2011)^[120]
College	Asian	Black	Hispanic (of any race)	Non-Hispanic White	Other/ international	Unknown
Brown	14%	6%	10%	45%	14%	11%
Columbia	15%	8%	13%	41%	17%	6%
Cornell	17%	6%	10%	46%	13%	10%
Dartmouth	14%	8%	9%	48%	13%	8%
Harvard	12%	7%	9%	45%	22%	6%
Penn	19%	7%	8%	46%	13%	7%
Princeton	18%	7%	8%	49%	15%	3%
Yale	15%	6%	8%	58%	5%	8%
United States ^[121]	5%	13%	17%	63%	4%	—

Geographic distribution

Students of the Ivy League largely hail from the Northeast, largely from the New York City, Boston, and Philadelphia areas. As all eight Ivy League universities are within the Northeast, it is no surprise that most graduates end up working and residing in the Northeast after graduation. An unscientific survey of Harvard seniors from the Class of 2013 found that 42% hailed from the Northeast and 55% overall were planning on working and residing in the Northeast.^[122] Boston and New York City are traditionally where many Ivy League graduates end up living.^[123] ^[124]

Socioeconomics and social class

Family income of students (2013)^[125]
College	Median	Top 1%	Top 10%	Top 20%	Bottom 20%
Brown	$204,200	19%	60%	70%	4.1%
Columbia	$150,900	13%	48%	62%	5.1%
Cornell	$151,600	10%	48%	64%	3.8%
Dartmouth	$200,400	21%	58%	69%	2.6%
Harvard	$168,800	15%	53%	67%	4.5%
Penn	$195,500	19%	45%	58%	3.3%
Princeton	$186,100	17%	58%	72%	2.2%
Yale	$192,600	19%	57%	69%	2.1%

Students of the Ivy League, both graduate and undergraduate, come primarily from upper middle and upper class families. In recent years, however, the universities have looked towards increasing socioeconomic and class diversity, by providing greater financial aid packages to applicants from lower, working, and lower middle class American families.^[109] ^[126]

In 2013, 46% of Harvard undergraduate students came from families in the top 3.8% of all American households (i.e., over $200,000 annual income).^[126] In 2012, the bottom 25% of the American income distribution accounted for only 3–4% of students at Brown, a figure that had remained unchanged since 1992.^[127] In 2014, 69% of incoming freshmen students at Yale College came from families with annual incomes of over $120,000, putting most Yale College students in the upper middle and/or upper class. (The median household income in the U.S. in 2013 was $52,700.)^[128]

In the 2011–2012 academic year, students qualifying for Pell Grants (federally funded scholarships on the basis of need) comprised 20% at Harvard, 18% at Cornell, 17% at Penn, 16% at Columbia, 15% at Dartmouth and Brown, 14% at Yale, and 12% at Princeton. Nationally, 35% of American university students qualify for a Pell Grant.^[129]

Competition and athletics

The Yale Bowl during a football game against Cornell

Ivy champions are recognized in sixteen men's and sixteen women's sports. In some sports, Ivy teams actually compete as members of another league, the Ivy championship being decided by isolating the members' records in play against each other; for example, the six league members who participate in ice hockey do so as members of ECAC Hockey, but an Ivy champion is extrapolated each year. In one sport, rowing, the Ivies recognize team champions for each sex in both heavyweight and lightweight divisions. While the Intercollegiate Rowing Association governs all four sex- and bodyweight-based divisions of rowing, the only one that is sanctioned by the NCAA is women's heavyweight. The Ivy League was the last Division I basketball conference to institute a conference postseason tournament; the first tournaments for men and women were held at the end of the 2016–17 season. The tournaments only award the Ivy League automatic bids for the NCAA Division I Men's and Women's Basketball Tournaments; the official conference championships continue to be awarded based solely on regular-season results.^[130] Before the 2016–17 season, the automatic bids were based solely on regular-season record, with a one-game playoff (or series of one-game playoffs if more than two teams were tied) held to determine the automatic bid.^[131] The Ivy League is one of only two Division I conferences which award their official basketball championships solely on regular-season results; the other is the Southeastern Conference.^[132] ^[133] Since its inception, an Ivy League school has yet to win either the men's or women's Division I NCAA Basketball Tournament.

Brown plays Columbia in basketball, 2020

On average, each Ivy school has more than 35 varsity teams. All eight are in the top 20 for number of sports offered for both men and women among Division I schools. Unlike most Division I athletic conferences, the Ivy League prohibits the granting of athletic scholarships; all scholarships awarded are need-based (financial aid).^[134] In addition, the Ivies have a rigid policy against redshirting, even for medical reasons; an athlete loses a year of eligibility for every year enrolled at an Ivy institution.^[135] Additionally, the Ivies prohibit graduate students from participating in intercollegiate athletics, even if they have remaining athletic eligibility.^[136] The only exception to the ban on graduate students is that seniors graduating in 2021 are being allowed to play at their current institutions as graduate students in 2021–22. This was a one-time-only response to the Ivies shutting down most intercollegiate athletics in 2020–21 due to COVID-19.^[137] Ivy League teams' non-league games are often against the members of the Patriot League, which have similar academic standards and athletic scholarship policies (although unlike the Ivies, the Patriot League allows both redshirting and play by eligible graduate students).

In the time before recruiting for college sports became dominated by those offering athletic scholarships and lowered academic standards for athletes, the Ivy League was successful in many sports relative to other universities in the country. In particular, Princeton won 26 recognized national championships in college football (last in 1935), and Yale won 18 (last in 1927).^[138] Both of these totals are considerably higher than those of other historically strong programs such as Alabama, which has won 15, Notre Dame, which claims 11 but is credited by many sources with 13, and USC, which has won 11. Yale, whose coach Walter Camp was the "Father of American Football," held on to its place as the all-time wins leader in college football throughout the entire 20th century, but was finally passed by Michigan on November 10, 2001. Harvard, Yale, Princeton and Penn each have over a dozen former scholar-athletes enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame. Currently Dartmouth holds the record for most Ivy League football titles, with 18, followed closely by Harvard and Penn, each with 17 titles. In addition, the Ivy League has produced Super Bowl winners Kevin Boothe (Cornell), two-time Pro Bowler Zak DeOssie (Brown), Sean Morey (Brown), All-Pro selection Matt Birk (Harvard), Calvin Hill (Yale), Derrick Harmon (Cornell) and 1999 "Mr. Irrelevant" Jim Finn (Penn).

Penn (left) plays Cornell (right), 2019

Beginning with the 1982 football season, the Ivy League has competed in Division I-AA (renamed FCS in 2006).^[139] ^[140] The Ivy League teams are eligible for the FCS tournament held to determine the national champion, and the league champion is eligible for an automatic bid (and any other team may qualify for an at-large selection) from the NCAA. However, since its inception in 1956, the Ivy League has not played any postseason games due to concerns about the extended December schedule's effects on academics. (The last postseason game for a member was 87 years ago, the 1934 Rose Bowl, won by Columbia.)^[141] ^[142] For this reason, any Ivy League team invited to the FCS playoffs turns down the bid. The Ivy League plays a strict 10-game schedule, compared to other FCS members' schedules of 11 (or, in some seasons, 12) regular season games, plus post-season, which expanded in 2013 to five rounds with 24 teams, with a bye week for the top eight teams. Football is the only sport in which the Ivy League declines to compete for a national title.

In addition to varsity football, Penn, Princeton and Cornell also field teams in the 10-team Collegiate Sprint Football League, in which all players must weigh 178 pounds or less. With Princeton canceling the program in 2016,^[143] Penn is the last remaining founding members of the league from its 1934 debut, and Cornell is the next-oldest, joining in 1937. Yale and Columbia previously fielded teams in the league but no longer do so.

Teams

**Teams in Ivy League competition** ^[144]
Sport	Men's	Women's
Baseball	8	-
Basketball	8	8
Cross-country	8	8
Fencing	6	7
Field hockey	-	8
Football	8	-
Golf	8	7
Ice hockey	6	6
Lacrosse	7	8
Rowing	7	7
Soccer	8	8
Softball	-	8
Squash	8	8
Swimming and diving	7	8
Tennis	8	8
Track and field (indoor)	8	8
Track and field (outdoor)	8	8
Volleyball	-	8
Wrestling	6	-

The Ivy League is home to some of the oldest college rugby teams in the United States. Although these teams are not "varsity" sports, they compete annually in the Ivy Rugby Conference.

Historical results

Total championships won (1956–2017)
Institution	Ivy League championships	NCAA team championships
Princeton University Tigers	476	12
Harvard University Crimson	415	4
Cornell University Big Red	231	5
University of Pennsylvania Quakers	210	3
Yale University Bulldogs	202	3
Dartmouth College Big Green	140	3
Brown University Bears	123	7
Columbia University Lions	105	11

The table above includes the number of team championships won from the beginning of official Ivy League competition (1956–57 academic year) through 2016–17. Princeton and Harvard have on occasion won ten or more Ivy League titles in a year, an achievement accomplished 10 times by Harvard and 24 times by Princeton, including a conference-record 15 championships in 2010–11. Only once has one of the other six schools earned more than eight titles in a single academic year (Cornell with nine in 2005–06). In the 38 academic years beginning 1979–80, Princeton has averaged 10 championships per year, one-third of the conference total of 33 sponsored sports.^[145]

In the 12 academic years beginning 2005–06 Princeton has won championships in 31 different sports, all except wrestling and men's tennis.^[146]

Rivalries

Rivalries run deep in the Ivy League. For instance, Princeton and Penn are longstanding men's basketball rivals;^[147] "Puck Frinceton" T-shirts are worn by Quaker fans at games.^[148] In only 11 instances in the history of Ivy League basketball, and in only seven seasons since Yale's 1962 title, has neither Penn nor Princeton won at least a share of the Ivy League title in basketball,^[149] with Princeton champion or co-champion 26 times and Penn 25 times. Penn has won 21 outright, Princeton 19 outright. Princeton has been a co-champion 7 times, sharing 4 of those titles with Penn (these 4 seasons represent the only times Penn has been co-champion). Harvard won its first title of either variety in 2011, losing a dramatic play-off game to Princeton for the NCAA tournament bid, then rebounded to win outright championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014. Harvard also won the 2013 Great Alaska Shootout, defeating TCU to become the only Ivy League school to win the now-defunct tournament.

Rivalries exist between other Ivy league teams in other sports, including Cornell and Harvard in hockey, Harvard and Princeton in swimming, and Harvard and Penn in football (Penn and Harvard have won 28 Ivy League Football Championships since 1982, Penn-16; Harvard-12). During that time Penn has had 8 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships and Harvard has had 6 undefeated Ivy League Football Championships.^[150] In men's lacrosse, Cornell and Princeton are perennial rivals, and they are two of three Ivy League teams to have won the NCAA tournament.^[151] In 2009, the Big Red and Tigers met for their 70th game in the NCAA tournament.^[152] No team other than Harvard or Princeton has won the men's swimming conference title outright since 1972, although Yale, Columbia, and Cornell have shared the title with Harvard and Princeton during this time. Similarly, no program other than Princeton and Harvard has won the women's swimming championship since Brown's 1999 title. Princeton or Cornell has won every indoor and outdoor track and field championship, both men's and women's, every year since 2002–03, with one exception (Columbia women won the indoor championship in 2012). Harvard and Yale are football and crew rivals although the competition has become unbalanced; Harvard has won all but one of the last 15 football games and all but one of the last 13 crew races.

Intra-conference football rivalries

Teams	Name	Trophy	First met	Games played	Series record
Columbia-Cornell	Empire State Bowl	Empire Cup	1889	103 games	36–64–3
Cornell-Dartmouth	None	None	1900	103 games	41–61–1
Cornell-Penn	None	Trustee's Cup	1893	122 games	46–71–5
Dartmouth-Harvard	None	None	1882	123 games	47–71–5
Dartmouth-Princeton	None	Sawhorse Dollar	1897	100 games	50–46–4
Harvard-Penn	None	None	1881	90 games	49–39–2
Harvard-Princeton	None	None	1877	112 games	57–48–7
Harvard-Yale	The Game	None	1875	132 games	59–65–8
Penn-Princeton	None	None	1876	111 games	67–43–1
Princeton-Yale	None	None	1873	138 games	52–76–10

The Yale–Princeton series is the nation's second-longest by games played, exceeded only by "The Rivalry" between Lehigh and Lafayette, which began later in 1884 but included two or three games in each of 17 early seasons.^[153] For the first three decades of the Yale-Princeton rivalry, the two played their season-ending game at a neutral site, usually New York City, and with one exception (1890: Harvard), the winner of the game also won at least a share of the national championship that year, covering the period 1869 through 1903.^[154] ^[155] This phenomenon of a finale contest at a neutral site for the national title created a social occasion for the society elite of the metropolitan area akin to a Super Bowl in the era prior to the establishment of the NFL in 1920.^[156] ^[157] These football games were also financially profitable for the two universities, so much that they began to play baseball games in New York City as well, drawing record crowds for that sport also, largely from the same social demographic.^[158] In a period when the only professional team sports were fledgling baseball leagues, these high-profile early contests between Princeton and Yale played a role in popularizing spectator sports, demonstrating their financial potential and raising public awareness of Ivy universities at a time when few people attended college.

Teams	Name	Trophy	First met	Games played	Series record
Brown-Rhode Island	None	Governor's Cup	1909	98 games	70–26–2
Columbia-Fordham	None	Liberty Cup	1890	24 games	12–12–0
Cornell-Colgate	None	None	1896	95 games	48–44–3
Dartmouth-New Hampshire	Granite Bowl	Granite Bowl Trophy	1901	37 games	17–18–2
Harvard-Holy Cross	None	None	1904	67 games	41–24–2
Penn-Lafayette	None	None	1882	90 games	63–23–4
Penn-Lehigh	None	None	1885	56 games	43–13
Princeton-Rutgers	None	None	1869	71 games	53–17–1
Yale-Army	None	None	1893	45 games	22–16–8
Yale-Connecticut	None	None	1948	49 games	32–17

Championships

NCAA team championships

This list, which is current through July 1, 2015,^[159] includes NCAA championships and women's AIAW championships (one each for Yale and Dartmouth). Excluded from this list are all other national championships earned outside the scope of NCAA competition, including football titles and retroactive Helms Foundation titles.

School	Total	Men	Women	Co-ed	Nickname
Yale University	29^[f]	26	3	0	Bulldogs
Princeton University	24^[f]	19	4	1	Tigers
Columbia University	14	11	0	3	Lions
Harvard University	10^[f]	7	2	1	Crimson
Brown University	7	0	7	0	Bears
Cornell University	5	5	0	0	Big Red
Dartmouth College	5^[f]	1	1	3	Big Green
University of Pennsylvania	4	3	1	0	Quakers

Athletic facilities

	Football stadium			Basketball arena			Baseball field			Hockey rink			Soccer stadium
School^[160]	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year	Name	Capacity	Year
Brown	Brown Stadium	20,000	1925	Pizzitola Sports Center	2,800	1989	Murray Stadium	1,000	1959	Meehan Auditorium	3,100	1961	Stevenson Field	3,500	1979
Columbia	Robert K. Kraft Field at Lawrence A. Wien Stadium	17,000	1984	Levien Gymnasium	3,408	1974	Robertson Field at Satow Stadium	1,500	1923	Non-hockey school			Commisso Soccer Stadium	3,500	1985
Cornell	Schoellkopf Field	25,597	1915	Newman Arena	4,472	1990	Hoy Field	500	1922	Lynah Rink	4,267	1957	Charles F. Berman Field	1,000	2000
Dartmouth	Memorial Field	15,600	1923	Leede Arena	2,100	1986	Red Rolfe Field at Biondi Park	2,000	2008	Thompson Arena	4,500	1975	Burnham Field	1,600	2007
Harvard	Harvard Stadium	30,898	1903	Lavietes Pavilion	2,195	1926	Joseph J. O'Donnell Field	1,600	1898	Bright Hockey Center	2,850	1956	Jordan Field	2,500	2010
Penn	Franklin Field	52,593	1895	The Palestra	8,722	1927	Meiklejohn Stadium	850	2000	Class of 1923 Arena	2,500	1972	Rhodes Field	1,700	2002^[161]
Princeton	Princeton Stadium	27,800	1998	Jadwin Gymnasium	6,854	1969	Bill Clarke Field	850	1961	Hobey Baker Memorial Rink	2,094	1923	Roberts Stadium	3,000	2008
Yale	Yale Bowl	61,446	1914	John J. Lee Amphitheater	3,100	1932	Yale Field	6,200	1927	Ingalls Rink	3,486	1958	Reese Stadium	3,000	1981

Other Ivies

The term Ivy is sometimes used to connote a positive comparison to or an association with the Ivy League, often along academic lines. The term has been used to describe the Little Ivies, a grouping of small liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States.^[162] Other common uses include the Public Ivies, the Hidden Ivies, and the Southern Ivies.

Ivy Plus

The term Ivy Plus is sometimes used to refer to the Ancient Eight plus several other schools for purposes of alumni associations,^[163] ^[164] university consortia,^[164] ^[165] ^[166] ^[167] or endowment comparisons.^[168] ^[169] ^[170] ^[171] In his book Untangling the Ivy League, Zawel writes, "The inclusion of non–Ivy League schools under this term is commonplace for some schools and extremely rare for others. Among these other schools, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Stanford University are almost always included. The University of Chicago and Duke University are often included as well.^[164]

References

Informational notes

^ Liberal arts colleges and regional institutions are ranked separately.
^ This figure does not include the Columbia University School of General Studies, which, though it is technically an undergraduate school of the university, is generally not counted as such when calculating student body size and admission rates.^[26] ^[27] Including General Studies students, the university overall would have an undergraduate enrollment of 9,001 students for 2019.
^ Harvard's overall administration and undergraduate campus are in Cambridge. However, several of its postgraduate schools, its athletic administration, and almost all of its athletic facilities are within the city limits of Boston.
^ There is some disagreement about Penn's date of founding as the university has never used its legal charter date for this purpose and, in addition, took the unusual step of changing its official founding date approximately 150 years after the fact. The first meeting of the founding trustees of the secondary school which eventually became the University of Pennsylvania took place in November 1749. Secondary instruction for boys at the Academy of Philadelphia began in August 1751. Undergraduate education for men began after a collegiate charter for the College of Philadelphia was granted in 1755. Penn initially designated 1750 as its founding date. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to refer to 1749 instead. The school considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century until, in 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Four years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees voted to retroactively revise the university's founding date from 1749 to 1740 in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. The premise for this revised founding date was the fact that the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the building and assumed the educational mandate of an inactive trust which had originally hoped to open a charity school for indigent children. This was part of a 1740 project that had been planned to comprise both a church and school though, due to insufficient funding, only the church was built and even it was never put into use. The dormant church building was conveyed to the Academy of Philadelphia in 1750.^[36] ^[37] ^[38] To further complicate the comparison of founding dates, Princeton University has historical ties to an older college. Five of the twelve members of Princeton's first board of trustees were very closely associated with a "Log College" operated by Presbyterian minister William Tennent and his son Gilbert in Bucks County, Pennsylvania from 1726 until 1746.^[39] Because the College of New Jersey and the Log College shared the same religious affiliation (a moderate element within the "New Side" or "New Light" wing of the Presbyterian Church) and there was a considerable overlap in their boards of trustees, some historians suggest that there is sufficient connection between this school and the College of New Jersey which would enable Princeton to claim a founding date of 1726. However, Princeton does not officially do so and a university historian says that the "facts do not warrant" such a claim.^[39]
^ As of 2021^[update]. While there have been 46 presidencies, only 45 individuals have served as president: Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms and is numbered as both the 22nd and 24th U.S. president.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard and Dartmouth won 20, 11, 6 and 1, respectively.

Citations

^ "Executive Director Robin Harris". Archived from the original on April 5, 2016. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
^ "Around the Ivies: Ancient Eight History". The Harvard Crimson.
^ "The Beginning of the Ancient Eight". The Cornell Daily Sun.
^ "Modernizing the Ancient Eight". Yale Daily News.
^ "Princeton Campus Guide – Ivy League". Retrieved April 26, 2007.
^ "The Benefits of the Ivy League – Crimson Education US". www.crimsoneducation.org . Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ Vedder, Richard. "Does Attending Elite Colleges Make You Happy? Lessons From The Admissions Scandal". Forbes . Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ Gladwell, Malcolm. "Getting In". The New Yorker . Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ "Joint Ivy Statement on Admission Policies". Princeton University Admission. September 2, 2016. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Ivy League History and Timeline". Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved November 13, 2015.
^ "World's Best Colleges". Archived from the original on May 30, 2012. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
^ "National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved May 10, 2021.
^ "U.S. News & World Report Historical Liberal Arts College and University Rankings". Datasets. Andrew G. Reiter. July 13, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ "2021 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News. 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2021.
^ "Our Members". Association of American Universities. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Dartmouth and Cornell respectively
^ "Brown University's endowment reaches $6.9b after generating a more than 50 percent return - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com . Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Harvard's Endowment Soars to $53.2 Billion, Reports 33.6% Returns | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com . Retrieved October 14, 2021.
^ "10 Private Universities With Largest Financial Endowments". Retrieved January 9, 2012.
^ "Oxbridge vs the Ivy League: what's the difference? – Oxbridge Applications". April 13, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Ivy League v Oxbridge: Best Experience in the World?". Crimson Education . Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "China's Ivy League：C9 League". en.people.cn . Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ "Prestigious 'Imperial Universities' the best in Japan – THE rankings – Study International". March 31, 2017. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h As of June 30, 2018. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year (FY) 2018 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2017 to FY 2018" (PDF). National Association of College and University Business Officers and Commonfund Institute. 2018. Retrieved September 12, 2019.
^ "Faculty & Employees". Brown University. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "Columbia University". usnews.com. 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
^ "How many students attend Columbia? | Columbia Undergraduate Admissions". undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu . Retrieved July 30, 2021.
^ "Full-time Faculty Distribution by School/Division, Fall 2009–2019" (PDF). Office of the Provost. Columbia University. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 25, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2014. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Penn: Penn Facts". The University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on February 26, 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "The Yale Corporation: Charter and Legislation" (PDF). 1976. By the Gov^rn, in Council & Representatives of his Maj^ties Colony of Connecticut in Gen^rll Court Assembled, New-Haven, Oct^r 9: 1701
^ The Charters and By-Laws of the Trustees of Princeton University. Princeton, NJ: The Princeton University Press. 1906. pp. 11–20. A Charter to Incorporate Sundry Persons to found a College pass'd the Great Seal of this Province of New Jersey ... the 22d October, 1746 ... The Charter thus mentioned has been lost ...
^ ^a ^b "University Chapel: Orange Key Virtual Tour of Princeton University". Princeton University.
^ Charters, acts and official documents together with the lease and re-lease by Trinity church of a portion of the King's farm. New York, Printed for the College. June 1895. pp. 10–24. Witness our Trusty and well beloved'James De Lancey, Esq., our Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in chief in and over our Province of New York ... this thirty first day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and fifty four, and of our Reign the twenty eighth.
^ See University of Pennsylvania for details of the circumstances of Penn's origin. Penn considered its founding date to be 1749 for over a century.[1] Archived November 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine In 1895, elite universities in the United States agreed that henceforth formal academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. Penn's periodical "The Alumni Register," published by the General Alumni Society, then began a grassroots campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740, to appear older than Princeton University, which had been chartered in 1746. In 1899, the Board of Trustees acceded to the alumni initiative and voted to change the founding date to 1740. The rationale offered in 1899 was that, in 1750, founder Benjamin Franklin and his original board of trustees purchased a completed but unused building and assumed an unnamed trust from a group that had hoped to begin a church and charity school in Philadelphia. This edifice was commonly called the "New Building" by local citizens and was referred to by such name in Franklin's memoirs as well as the legal bill of sale in Penn's archives. No name is stated or known for the associated educational trust, hence "Unnamed Charity School" serves as a placeholder to refer to the trust which is the premise for Penn's association with a founding date of 1740. The first named entity in Penn's early history was the 1751 secondary school for boys and charity school for indigent children called "Academy and Charitable School in the Province of Pennsylvania."[2] Archived October 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Undergraduate education began in 1755 and the organization then changed its name to "College, Academy and Charity School of Philadelphia in Pennsylvania."[3] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine Operation of the charity school was discontinued a few years later.
^ "Table of Contents, Penn History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ "Gazette: Building Penn's Brand (Sept/Oct 2002)". Upenn.edu. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ "Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library : FAQ Princeton University vs. University of Pennsylvania: Which is the older institution?". Princeton.edu. November 6, 2007. Archived from the original on March 19, 2003. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Log College". Etcweb1.princeton.edu. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
^ Penn's website, like other sources, makes an important point of Penn's heritage being nonsectarian, associated with Benjamin Franklin and the Academy of Philadelphia's nonsectarian board of trustees: "The goal of Franklin's nonsectarian, practical plan would be the education of a business and governing class rather than of clergymen."[4] Archived April 28, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. Jencks and Riesman (2001) write "The Anglicans who founded the University of Pennsylvania, however, were evidently anxious not to alienate Philadelphia's Quakers, and they made their new college officially nonsectarian." In Franklin's 1749 founding Proposals relating to the education of youth in Pensilvania Archived May 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine (page images) Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, religion is not mentioned directly as a subject of study, but he states in a footnote that the study of "History will also afford frequent Opportunities of showing the Necessity of a Publick Religion, from its Usefulness to the Publicks; the Advantage of a Religious Character among private Persons; the Mischiefs of Superstition, &c. and the Excellency of the CHRISTIAN RELIGION above all others antient or modern." Starting in 1751, the same trustees also operated a Charity School for Boys, whose curriculum combined "general principles of Christianity" with practical instruction leading toward careers in business and the "mechanical arts." [5] Archived June 20, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, and thus might be described as "non-denominational Christian." The charity school was originally planned and a trust was organized on paper in 1740 by followers of travelling evangelist George Whitefield. The school was to have operated inside a church supported by the same group of adherents. But the organizers ran short of financing and, although the frame of the building was raised, the interior was left unfinished. The founders of the Academy of Philadelphia purchased the unused building in 1750 for their new venture and, in the process, assumed the original trust. Since 1899, Penn has claimed a founding date of 1740, based on the organizational date of the charity school and the premise that it had institutional identity with the Academy of Philadelphia. Whitefield was a firebrand Methodist associated with The Great Awakening; since the Methodists did not formally break from the Church of England until 1784, Whitefield in 1740 would be labeled Episcopalian, and in fact Brown University, emphasizing its own pioneering nonsectarianism, refers to Penn's origin as "Episcopalian".[6] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Penn is sometimes assumed to have Quaker ties (its athletic teams are called "Quakers," and the cross-registration alliance between Penn, Haverford, Swarthmore and Bryn Mawr is known as the "Quaker Consortium.") But Penn's website does not assert any formal affiliation with Quakerism, historic or otherwise, and Haverford College implicitly asserts a non-Quaker origin for Penn when it states that "Founded in 1833, Haverford is the oldest institution of higher learning with Quaker roots in North America.""Archived copy". Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Addison, Daniel Dulany (1911). "Protestant Episcopal Church". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 473–475.
^ "Brown Admission: Our History". Brown.edu. Archived from the original on February 8, 2011. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ Hoeveler, David J., Creating the American Mind: Intellect and Politics in the Colonial Colleges, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 192
^ Brown's website characterizes it as "the Baptist answer to Congregationalist Yale and Harvard; Presbyterian Princeton; and Episcopalian Penn and Columbia," but adds that at the time it was "the only one that welcomed students of all religious persuasions."[7] Archived January 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Brown's charter stated that "into this liberal and catholic institution shall never be admitted any religious tests, but on the contrary, all the members hereof shall forever enjoy full, free, absolute, and uninterrupted liberty of conscience." The charter called for twenty-two of the thirty-six trustees to be Baptists, but required that the remainder be "five Friends, four Congregationalists, and five Episcopalians."Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Providence". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 511.
^ "Dartmouth College Charter". In testimony whereof, we have caused these our letters to be made patent, and the public seal of our said province of New Hampshire to be hereunto affixed. Witness our trusty and well beloved John Wentworth, Esquire, Governor and commander-in-chief in and over our said province, [etc.], this thirteenth day of December, in the tenth year of our reign, and in the year of our Lord 1769.
^ Geiger, Roger L. (2000). The American College in the Nineteenth Century. Vanderbilt University Press. p. 163. ISBN978-0-8265-1364-9.
^ Hughes, Samuel (2002). "Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history". Pennsylvania Gazette. 100 (3).
^ "Class Day, New and Old".
^ "Penn: Ivy day and Ivy Stones, a Penn Tradition". Archived from the original on July 15, 2012. Retrieved December 9, 2012.
^ Boston Daily Globe, June 27, 1882, p. 4: "CLASS DAY.: Yale Seniors Plant the Ivy, Sing "Blage," and Entertain the Beauty of New Haven;"
^ Boston Evening Transcript, June 11, 1912, p. 12, "Simmons Seniors Hosts Class Day Exercises Late in Afternoon, Planting of the Ivy will be One of the Features;
^ "Play a Romance and Plant Ivy, Pretty Class Day Exercises of the Women's College". The Gazette Times. June 9, 1907. Retrieved October 22, 2012.
^ "The Ivy Club: History". Archived from the original on October 14, 2011.
^ "Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) Yale University Press edited by Fred R. Shapiro
^ "The Yale Book of Quotations" (2006) Yale University Press, edited by Fred R. Shapiro
^ Oxford English Dictionary entry for "Ivy League"
^ The Chicago Public Library reports the "IV League" explanation, [8] sourced only from the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins.^{[ dead link ]}
^ Various Ask Ezra student columns report the "IV League" explanation, apparently relying on the Morris Dictionary of Word and Phrase Origins as the sole source: [9] [10] [11]
^ "The Penn Current / October 17, 2002 / Ask Benny". Upenn.edu. Archived from the original on June 6, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "This according to the Penn history of varsity football". Archives.upenn.edu. Archived from the original on July 18, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "Resource: Student history". Resource.berkeley.edu. Archived from the original on September 9, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ Epstein, Joseph (2003). Snobbery: The American Version . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them."
^ ^a ^b Auchincloss, Louis (2004). East Side Story. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-618-45244-3. p. 179, "he dreaded the aridity of snobbery which he knew infected the Ivy League colleges"
^ McDonald, Janet (2000). Project Girl. University of California Press. ISBN0-520-22345-4. p. 163 "Newsweek is a morass of incest, nepotism, elitism, racism and utter classic white male patriarchal corruption. ... It is completely Ivy League – a Vassar/Columbia J-School dumping ground ... I will always be excluded, regardless of how many Ivy League degrees I acquire, because of the next level of hurdles: family connections and money."
^ Robert Siegel, "Black Baseball Pioneer William White's 1879 Game," National Public Radio, broadcast January 30, 2004 (audio at npr.org); Stefan Fatsis, "Mystery of Baseball: Was William White Game's First Black?", Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2004; Peter Morris and Stefan Fatsis, "Baseball's Secret Pioneer: William Edward White, the first black player in major-league history," Slate, February 4, 2014; "Bill White (whitebi01)", Baseball-Reference.com; Rick Harris, Brown University Baseball: A Legacy of the game (Charleston: The History Press, 2012), pp. 41–43
^ "Columbia Celebrates College Wrestling Centennial". Columbia College Today. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ "Colleges Searching for Check On Trend to Goal Post Riots". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 6, 1935. p. 33.
^ Kelley, Robert F. (January 17, 1936). "Cornell Club Here Welcomes Lynah". The New York Times. p. 22.
^ "Immediate Formation of Ivy League Advocated at Seven Eastern Colleges". The New York Times. December 3, 1936. p. 33.
^ "The Harvard Crimson :: News :: AN EDITORIAL". Thecrimson.com. December 3, 1936. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "Plea for an Ivy Football League Rejected by College Authorities". The New York Times. January 1, 1937. p. 26.
^ Gwertzman, Bernard M. (October 13, 1956). "Ivy League: Formalizing the Fact". The Harvard Crimson . Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "Ivy Group" Archived January 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Sports-reference.com
^ "Official 2009 NCAA Men's Basketball Records Book – p. 221 "Division I Conference Alignment History"" (PDF) . Retrieved February 13, 2018.
^ "Archived: Women's Colleges in the United States: History, Issues, and Challenges". Ed.gov. Archived from the original on February 4, 2005. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ White, Gordon S. Jr. (January 1, 1982). "Ivy League Considers Adding 2 Schools". The New York Times . Retrieved September 18, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Higgins, Laine (February 19, 2021). "The Ivy League Is Still on the Sidelines. Wealthy Alumni Are Not Happy". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on February 19, 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
^ "Ivy League Planning to Return to Regular Athletic Competition in Fall". GoLocal Prov. May 4, 2021. Retrieved May 5, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bergman, Dave (April 9, 2021). "Acceptance Rates at Ivy League & Elite Colleges – Class of 2025". College Transitions . Retrieved August 28, 2021.
^ "Cornell's Class of 2025 Sees Lowest Acceptance Rate in Recent Years, Sets Records". The Cornell Daily Sun. August 25, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Kubzansky, Will (April 6, 2021). "Brown admits record-low 5.4 percent of applicants to the class of 2025". Brown Daily Herald . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Harvard College Accepts Record-Low 3.43% of Applicants to Class of 2025 | News | The Harvard Crimson". www.thecrimson.com . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Tilitei, Leanna. "Penn accepts record-low 5.68% of applicants to the Class of 2025". www.thedp.com . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b pm, Amelia Davidson 7:05; Apr 06; 2021 (April 6, 2021). "Yale's acceptance rate drops to 4.62 percent amid record applicant pool". yaledailynews.com . Retrieved April 14, 2021. CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b "Princeton admits record-low 3.98% of applicants in historic application cycle". The Princetonian . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b "Columbia acceptance rate drops to record low 3.7 percent after 51 percent spike in applications". Columbia Daily Spectator . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ Waldman, Peter (September 4, 2014). "How to Get Into an Ivy League College—Guaranteed". Bloomberg.com.
^ "National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report LP. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
^ Annicchiarico, Francesca; Weinstock, Samuel Y. (September 3, 2013). "Freshman Survey Part I: Meet Harvard's Class of 2017". The Harvard Crimson.
^ "Diverse group of admitted students navigated virtual admission in most competitive year on record". The Dartmouth . Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ "Thousands of Applications and 49 States Later, Cornell Admits its Class of 2025". The Cornell Daily Sun. April 8, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2021.
^ ^a ^b David Shortell and Taylor Romine. "Justice Department accuses Yale of discriminating against Asian American and White applicants". CNN . Retrieved August 14, 2020.
^ "2020 Best National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "Explore the Full WSJ/THE College Rankings". The Wall Street Journal. September 4, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2019: USA". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 16, 2019.
^ "America's Top Colleges". Forbes . Retrieved September 8, 2021.
^ "Best Colleges 2022: National University Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
^ "Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College Rankings 2021 | Times Higher Education (THE)". April 24, 2021. Archived from the original on April 24, 2021. Retrieved April 24, 2021.
^ "Exchange Scholar Program (IvyPlus Exchange)". Yale University.
^ Elements of Fashion and Apparel Design. New Age Publishers. 2007. p. 25. ISBN978-81-224-1371-7. Ivy League: A popular look for men in the fifties that originated on such campuses as Harvard, Priceton [sic] and Yale; a forerunner to the preppie look; a style characterized by button-down collar shirts and pants with a small buckle in the back.
^ ^a ^b Zlotnick, Sarah (February 24, 2012). "Your cheat sheet to preppy style". The Washingtonian.
^ Peterson, Amy T.; Kellogg, Ann T. (2008). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Clothing Through American History 1900 to the Present: 1900–1949. ABC-CLIO. p. 285. ISBN9780313043345.
^ "The Ultimate Guide to American Style". Details. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
^ Rapoport, Adam (March 31, 2008). "The American Way". GQ.
^ Epstein, Joseph (2003). Snobbery: The American Version . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN0-618-34073-4. p. 55, "by WASP Baltzell meant something much more specific; he intended to cover a select group of people who passed through a congeries of elite American institutions: certain eastern prep schools, the Ivy League colleges, and the Episcopal Church among them." and Wolff, Robert Paul (1992). The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. ISBN1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
^ Greenblatt, Alan (September 19, 2012). "The End Of WASP-Dominated Politics". NPR.org.
^ Orlet, Christopher (August 23, 2012). "Missing the WASPs". The American Spectator. Archived from the original on January 7, 2016. Retrieved October 12, 2014.
^ Feldman, Noah (June 2, 2010). "The Triumphant Decline of the WASP". The New York Times.
^ ^a ^b Hayes, Robin J. (February 2014). "Why Ivy League Schools Are So Bad at Economic Diversity". The Atlantic.
^ Time magazine, Noliwe M. Rooks, February 27, 2013, The Biggest Barrier to Elite Education Isn't Affordability. It's Accessibility Archived July 15, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved August 27, 2014, "... accessibility of these schools to students who are poor, minority ... the weight that Ivy League and other highly selective schools ... unfortunate set of circumstances ... gifted minority, poor and working class students can benefit most from the educational opportunities ..."
^ August 26, 2014, Boston Globe (via NY Times), A Generation Later, Poor are Still Rare at Elite Colleges, Retrieved August 30, 2014, "more elite group of 28 private colleges and universities, including all eight Ivy League members, ... from 2001 to 2009, ... enrollment of students from the bottom 40 percent of family incomes increased from just 10 percent to 11 percent. ... "
^ Wolff, Robert Paul (1992). The Ideal of the University. Transaction Publishers. ISBN1-56000-603-X. p. viii: "My genial, aristocratic contempt for Clark Kerr's celebration of the University of California was as much an expression of Ivy League snobbery as it was of radical social critique."
^ Williams, Mark (2001). The 10 Lenses: your guide to living and working in a multicultural world . Capital Books. , p. 85
^ Kieran, John (December 4, 1936). "Sports of the Times—The Ivy League". The New York Times. p. 36. Retrieved May 30, 2017. There will now be a little test of 'the power of the press' in intercollegiate circles since the student editors at Harvard, Yale, Princeton, Cornell, Columbia, Dartmouth and Penn are coming out in a group for the formation of an Ivy League in football. The idea isn't new. ... It would be well for the proponents of the Ivy League to make it clear (to themselves especially) that the proposed group would be inclusive but not 'exclusive' as this term is used with a slight up-tilting of the tip of the nose." He recommended the consideration of "plenty of institutions covered with home-grown ivy that are not included in the proposed group. [such as ] Army and Navy and Georgetown and Fordham and Syracuse and Brown and Pitt, just to offer a few examples that come to mind" and noted that "Pitt and Georgetown and Brown and Bowdoin and Rutgers were old when Cornell was shining new, and Fordham and Holy Cross had some building draped in ivy before the plaster was dry in the walls that now tower high about Cayuga's waters.
^ Tarpley, Webster G.; Chaitkin, Anton. "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography: Chapter XXII Bush Takes The Presidency". Webster G. Tarpley. Retrieved December 17, 2006.
^ Dowd, Maureen (1998), "Bush Traces How Yale Differs From Harvard". The New York Times, June 11, 1998, p. 10.
^ Baker, Russell (1998). "The Ivy Hayseed". The New York Times, June 15, 1988, p. A31.
^ New York Sun, Presidents Roosevelt Honored With Posthumous Columbia Degrees, September 26, 2008
^ Columbia Law School, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt to Receive Posthumous Law Degrees from Columbia Law School Archived December 21, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, September 25, 2008
^ "Ivy League Schools Don't Reflect U.S. Minority Ratios". www.nationaljournal.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "USA QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". U.S. Department of Commerce.
^ "The Harvard Crimson". The Harvard Crimson, Inc. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "Here's Where Ivy League Students Go When They Graduate [Presentation]". Business Insider. June 29, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "Why Do So Many Ivy League Grads Go to Wall Street?". The Atlantic. February 17, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "Some Colleges Have More Students From the Top 1 Percent Than the Bottom 60. Find Yours". The New York Times. January 18, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
^ ^a ^b McGrath, Maggie (November 27, 2013). "The Challenge Of Being Poor At America's Richest Colleges". Forbes.
^ Nickens, Margaret; Nussenbaum, Kate (April 23, 2012). "How diverse are we?". The Brown Daily Herald.
^ Miele, Adriana (January 22, 2014). "MIELE: Wanted, fewer dumb students". Yale Daily News.
^ Zax, David. "Wanted: smart students from poor families". Yale Alumni Magazine.
^ "The Ivy League Adds Men's, Women's Basketball Tournaments Beginning in 2017" (Press release). Ivy League. March 10, 2016. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
^ "Yale basketball shares Ivy League title". Yale Daily News. March 6, 2002. Archived from the original on February 9, 2013. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
^ "Through the Years: SEC Champions" (PDF). 2015–2016 SEC Men's Basketball Media Guide. Southeastern Conference. p. 61. Retrieved March 10, 2016. From 1933–50 the SEC Champion was determined by a tournament, except for 1935. Since 1951, when the round-robin schedule was introduced, the title has been decided by a winning percentage on the conference schedule.
^ "Through the Years: SEC Champions" (PDF). 2015–2016 SEC Women's Basketball Media Guide. Southeastern Conference. p. 54. Retrieved March 10, 2016. Since 1986, the SEC champion has been determined by the regular season schedule.
^ "Timeline". The Ivy League. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016.
^ Brown, C.L. (October 5, 2016). "Which players injured last season will make the strongest comebacks?". ESPN.com . Retrieved October 8, 2016. It's easy to forget what Siyani Chambers has meant to Harvard as a three-time all-Ivy League player because he wasn't enrolled in school last season. The Ivy League doesn't allow redshirts, so Chambers was forced to withdraw after a preseason ACL injury if he wanted to return for his senior season.
^ Borzello, Jeff (February 12, 2020). "Is the Ivy League transfer policy helping players or hurting them?". ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ Borzello, Jeff (February 11, 2021). "Ivy League allowing one-time waiver for grad students to play in 2021-22 due to COVID-19 pandemic". ESPN.com . Retrieved March 1, 2021.
^ "Recognized National Championships by Year". College Football Data Warehouse. Archived from the original on October 15, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "NCAA Convention: Ivy League has 'serious doubts' about I-AA status". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (Idaho). Associated Press. January 12, 1982. p. 4C.
^ New York Times – November 17, 2006
^ "Gallant Columbia 'Sea' Lions vanquish Stanford in mud, 7 to 0". Milwaukee Journal. January 2, 1934. p. 6, part 2.
^ Bell, Brian (January 2, 1934). "Columbia amazes sport world with Stanford win, 7–0". Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. p. 6.
^ "Princeton to discontinue sprint football program". Princeton University . Retrieved February 19, 2021.
^ "Ivy League". Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
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^ "Ivy League Championships – Women's Sports". Council of Ivy League Presidents and The Ivy League. Archived from the original on October 12, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014.
^ "The game: the tables are turned – Penn hoops travel to Jadwin tonight for premier rivalry of Ivy League basketball". The Daily Princetonian. February 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ "The rivalry? Not with Penn's paltry performance this season". The Daily Princetonian. February 1, 2002. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved January 30, 2011.
^ Ivy League Basketball Archived June 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ivy League Football Archived January 2, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Men's Lacrosse Championship History". www.ncaa.com . Retrieved November 29, 2019.
^ New wrinkle in the Cornell Princeton lacrosse rivalry^{[ permanent dead link ]}, The Ithaca Journal, May 16, 2009.
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^ ^a ^b ^c Zawel, Marc (September 1, 2005). "Defining the Ivy League". Untangling the Ivy League. College Prowler. p. 9. ISBN1-59658-500-5.
^ "Ivy Plus Sustainability Working Group". Yale. Archived from the original on January 1, 2008. Retrieved November 24, 2008.
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External links

Official website

Why Are Ivy League Schools So Hard to Get Into

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_League